Hyperpigmentation

Hyperpigmentation doesn't necessarily pose a threat to skin health but it can have an impact on self-confidence. Understanding how hyperpigmentation is formed, treated and prevented may guide you to make better decisions for your skin. 

What is hyperpigmentation?

Hyperpigmentation impacts individuals of all skin tones and refers to the occurrence of darker patches on the skin, resulting in an uneven complexion. This discolouration can manifest as dark spots, freckles, age spots, melasma, discoloured patches or scarring. Typically, these brown or black marks arise when an overproduction of melanin by melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) accumulates in certain areas of the skin.

How does hyperpigmentation form?

Various factors, such as UV radiation, inflammation, genetics, hormones, and irritants, can stimulate melanocytes to produce melanin. These triggers activate an essential enzyme known as tyrosinase, which aids in melanin production. Subsequently, the melanin is transferred by our skin cells to the skin's surface.

What are the main types of hyperpigmentation? 

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) refers to the dark marks that remain on the skin (or excessive melanin production) as a reaction to skin trauma, such as burns, scratches, or skin picking, or due to inflammatory skin conditions like eczema and acne.

Solar lentigos, also known as sunspots or age spots, are small, flat, darkened areas on the skin that are caused by prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays. These spots are usually harmless and can vary in size, shape, and colour. They commonly appear on areas of the skin that are frequently exposed to sunlight, such as the face, hands, arms, and shoulders. Solar lentigos are more common in individuals with lighter skin and tend to increase in number with age.

Melasma refers to irregular patches of hyperpigmentation, usually caused by genetic predispositions, sun exposure or hormonal changes. It typically affects areas of the skin that are exposed to sunlight, such as the face, particularly the cheeks and forehead. The condition is more prevalent in women, especially during pregnancy. Dermal melasma is extremely difficult to treat and usually requires dermatological procedures under professional guidance. 

How can hyperpigmentation be treated?

Treating hyperpigmentation typically involves a combination of preventative measures, skincare products, and professional treatments.The fading process can take months or years, depending on the excess melanin produced and requires consistency. 

Some common approaches to address hyperpigmentation:  

• Topical treatments: Over-the-counter and prescription skincare products containing active ingredients like niacinamide, vitamin C, licorice root extract and certain acids can help lighten hyperpigmented areas.
• Retinoids: Topical retinoids can boost cell turnover and reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation. These are available by prescription or in milder forms, like retinol, over-the-counter.
• Laser therapy: Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) or other laser therapies target the melanin-producing cells without affecting the surrounding skin. These treatments should only be performed by a qualified professional.
• Microneedling: Microneedling, sometimes combined with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), can stimulate collagen production and promote skin healing, which can help even out skin tone.

Results may vary, and it may take time to see improvements. It's essential to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional to determine the best treatment plan for your specific skin type and condition.

What is the best prevention for hyperpigmentation? 

Maintaining a consistent skincare routine and sun protection is crucial to prevent further hyperpigmentation. Also, try to avoid skin irritation by choosing microbiome-friendly skincare products that don't cause inflammation or irritation. Other prevention methods:

• Refrain from picking or scratching your skin, as this can lead to PIH (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation).
• Exfoliation: Incorporate exfoliation into your skincare routine to help remove dead skin cells and promote an even skin tone.
• Use skin-brightening ingredients: Incorporate products containing ingredients like vitamin C and niacinamide, licorice root extract and diglucosyl gallic acid to help prevent and reduce hyperpigmentation.
• Protection: Always use SPF and remember to re-apply throughout the day